What are
we to make of all these varied personal and national photographic testimonies
of individuals who agreed to participate in the project “Promised Land”?
From the dark interior of a car, whose window serves as an internal frame
for the photograph, we view Israeli soldiers standing by a road block.
Several
Palestinian participants in this project testify to the hardship of living
under Israeli army occupation, thus reminding us that freedom is not only
represented by signs of national independence (a flag, a national stamp, an
assembly), but especially by having the freedom to travel. The still photograph
conveys the process of unpredictable waiting that Palestinians have to spend
by such road blocks, while their travel is curtailed.
A similar feeling
of immobility and silence is conveyed in other photographs, like the view
of an urban waste disposal container from a car window and the skeleton of
a car by a barren hill that has become a garbage dump, showing the inequality
of the services provided by the Jerusalem municipality to the Palestinian
and the Israeli populations of the city.
Time has also stopped still in
the photograph of a breakfast table. The still life photograph of the Israeli
participant shows the daily practice of the taken-for-granted individual freedom,
as the daily newspaper Ha’aretz (“The Land” in Hebrew) represents
his belief that reading a newspaper confers a sense of belonging to a community
through the realm of language and communication. The solitude of this still
life carries us over to another photograph: a Kibbutz graveyard where two
children attend the one month anniversary memorial service for their Jewish
grandmother. The photograph echoes the theme of migration as three generations
are represented in the same image:
the grandchildren, the absent grandmother,
and the mother who is taking the photograph.
What role does the curator-photographer
of this project play when she decides to abandon her own voice and personal
vision and take a chance by distributing twenty-six pocket cameras at random
to Israelis and Palestinians? What has led her to provoke them into taking
these photographs of their local lives and writing about the meaning that
“Promised Land” has for them? The idea for this project did not
dawn on Lauterbach all at once. Upon arriving in Berlin to study, in her twenties,
she came to an awareness of how the past can be
present in such a lively
way in a city: the street names, the process of reunification and the immense
urban renovation had turned many of the construction sites in Berlin into
archeological sites that have caused the past to surface once more. These
experiences led her to believe that while knowledge of the past is important,
it was even more important for her to move on and concentrate on becoming
an active witness of the present.
Her work as an urban photographer led
her to visit Israel, Yemen and Jordan, and finally she undertook a photography
project in Gaza. It was during these travels that she began to consider that
this project about Israel-Palestine might interest many Germans, who know
very little about the people, the place or the conflict, which they only see
in the headlines of the news in the context of clips of violence. It was her
professional background in urban photography (always conscious that places
are lived spaces inhabited by people whose experiences of the same location
can differ) that led her to emphasize the communicative aspects of the communities
in this project. Hence, she declines to use the panoramic camera (whose role
is to confer a false optical connection from a distance between locations
that in reality can be divided) and instead opts to use the small tourist
pocket cameras that are easily transportable and provide far more intimate
and fragmented views, which break up the overall singular view of the landscape
into a kaleidoscope of individualized points of view.
The entire aesthetic
meaning of this project relies on the way an outsider enters a community and
introduces the local people to an experience that they would otherwise not
have engaged in. Thus, the project relies on a paradox: the outsider provides
the locals with the cameras that people use during times of leisure and travel,
and yet requires them to use them in order to record their own environment
and daily activities.
In doing so the participants suddenly find themselves
looking differently at places that they may have either taken for granted
or not have noticed before.
A comparison between the two projects in this
exhibition shows that the time in which they were made plays a crucial role
in the difference between them. Lauterbach links the dialectical relations
between the foreign eye and the local eye; between two different aspects of
the local vision, the Israeli and the Palestinian; between images and texts;
and between the act of making a project in Israel and showing it abroad for
a foreign audience. Eytan Shouker and Eldad Cidor’s “Pen-Pal Project”
also uses pocket cameras that were distributed to Palestinian and Israeli
participants. However, they print the photographs on postcards in order to
facilitate a dialogue thaten ables the two sides to write to each other and
communicate.
Lauterbach’s project belongs to the gallery wall and
to the pages of a book where people can leaf through the pages and receive
different impressions. Her side-by-side image-text approach is different from
Shouker and Cidor’s project, in which the text is written on the back
of the postcard and receives the status of an image in its own right. Lauterbach’s
project makes us think about the impossibility of both sides ever communicating
except to relate their own opinions, while the implied act of sending a postcard
in the “Pen-Pal Project” suggests that the hand that holds a gun
can also shake hands and mail postcards to friends. The “Pen-Pal Project”
highlights the optimistic period, at the start of the Oslo peace process,
when there was a lot of good will, while the project “Promised Land”
was created during the recent Intifada in which all hopes for peace appear
to have been dashed.
This brings us to the content of the project and to
the gulf between the Palestinians and the Israelis. The Palestinian participants
are far more political and use the project to state their claims for independence
from Israeli occupation. The Israelis are surprisingly far less political.
If they voice their connection to this land, they do so out of their understanding
of their Jewish heritage, and their craving for peace is voiced in a general
way that does not even directly address the existence of the Palestinians.
The photographs of the Palestinian participants are far more informative because
they convey their feelings toward the current political situation. The photographs
taken by the Israelis are imbued with the sense of security of a people that
already have a state, and surprisingly do not reflect the sense of insecurity
that many Israelis feel at the moment during the Intifada.
The panoramic
connotations of the title “Promised Land” fortunately did not
make most of the participants fall into the trap of photographing the symbolic
and cliché locations that represent the Holy Land. But, unfortunately,
it is hard to escape clichés and generalizations in a country that
constantly manages to parody itself. For example, a recent incident that was
shown on television reflects on the absurdity of the historical and religious
claims that are made by both sides on this land. A crowd of religious Jews
were fleeing from the Western Wall in the Old City of Jerusalem because Palestinian
youths were pelting stones at them from the courtyard of the Mosque of Omar
in the area of Harem el Sharif, which is known to the Jews as the Temple Mount.
A television reporter ran toward a Jewish worshiper who had picked up one
of the stones that had almost injured him and asked “What are you going
to do with this stone?” The man answered unhesitatingly, “I am
going to take it back home with me.” The surprised reporter asked, “What
for?” And the religious Jew replied with a smile, “It is a holy
stone from the Temple Mount.”
Here was the entire story of the Israeli-Palestinian
conflict in a nutshell, exemplified so well by a spatial image. Palestinians
throw stones that represent their holy struggle for independence against Israeli
occupation, and among their fundamentalist extremist positions they have claims
for an Islamic state over the whole land of mandatory Palestine. Somewhere
high up in the air, as the stone goes up toward the implied spheres of heaven,
gravity brings it back down and turns it into a weapon. Somewhere over the
Western Wall the stone changes its alliance too, from representing Palestinian
aspirations to symbolizing the Jewish craving for the entire land of Israel
on the basis of the biblical scriptures. But what story would this poor stone
tell if it could have a pocket camera and a caption?
What anger would it
voice over the current unending conflict and hundreds of years of foreign
invaders who have fought over it and killed people in the name of the God
of the three monotheistic religions, who has always remained invisible? Despite
the good will and the personal efforts of all the participants of the project
“Promised Land”, the meanings of this place will always remain
elusive as long as the real stones are imbued with myth and religion.
September,
2002
Dr. Meir Wigoder